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HomeMy WebLinkAboutAGENDA REPORT 1996 0417 CC REG ITEM 10Gfzx, -o ITE, • AGENDA REPORT CITY OF MOORPARK TO: The Honorable City Council FROM: Lillian E. Hare, City Clerk _ DATE: April 8, 1996 (CC Meeting of 4/17/96) SUBJECT: CONSIDER POLICY REGARDING FLAG ETIQUETTE The City has never formally adopted a policy or procedure relative to the flying of the Flag of the United States of America or the Flag of the State of California. California State General Government Code Section 431 states that: The Flag of the United States and the Flag of the State shall be prominently displayed during business hours upon or in front of the buildings or grounds of or at each of the following places: (a) Each public building belonging to the State, County, or a Municipality... The Adjutant General of the California State Military Forces is charged with prescribing and compiling the laws and regulations regarding flag protocol for the State (Government Code Section 439). An excerpt from the booklet, the "Bear Flag ", published by the Adjutant General states: The Flag of the United States and the Bear Flag may also be flown at half -staff when ordered by County boards of Supervisors or Local City Governments on all property under their jurisdiction. The City flies the United States and State of California Flags at City Hall and the Arroyo Vista Recreation Center 24 hours a day. The flags are appropriately lighted. The flags at the Department of Building & Safety /City Engineering are raised and lowered by Charles Abbott personnel. Flags are proposed to be flown at Poindexter Park for ceremonial occasions only. To facilitate proper flag etiquette, staff is proposing the following procedures: FLAG ETIQUETTE The Flag of the United States of America and the Flag of the State of California will be displayed at each municipal facility which has an appropriate flagpole. 2. The National and State Flags are to be displayed daily from the start of the business day through the close of the business day during the normal work week. Flags may be flown 24 hours per day if appropriately lighted. Staff Report - Flags March 25, 1996 Page 2 2 5 0 7 Flag etiquette allows the flag to be displayed during inclement weather provided it is made of all weather material (such as the flags the City uses). If it rains after raising of the flag, the flag will remain on the pole. If it is raining prior to raising the flag, the flag will not be raised; however, it may be raised later, weather permitting, and remain until close of the business day. Flags will be flown at half -staff when ordered by the President or the Governor of the State as follows: President, ex- President or President elect Vice President, the Chief Justice or retired Chief Justice of the United States or the Speaker of the House of Representative Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; a Secretary of an executive or military department; a former Vice President; or Governor of the State, territory or possession. Member of Congress By order of the President By order of the Governor 30 days 10 days Day of death to day of interment Day of death and day following Period to be prescribed Day of death to day of interment Note: Flags are flown at half -staff over the State Capitol Building for every police officer in California that is killed in the line of duty from the day of death until interment; therefore, the City would be able to half -mast the flag (s) at the death of any local police officer killed in the line of duty. Flags will be flown at half -staff from the day of death to the day of interment for any currently seated Member of the City Council or Member of the City Council Elect. Flags will be flown at half-staff from the day of death to the day of interment for any currently serving City Manager or City Department Head. Flags will be flown at half -staff from the day of death to the day of interment for any City employee killed in the line of duty. r • •r�-i, C Staff Report -Flags March 25, 1996 Page 3 8. When a flag is no longer fit for display, it will be destroyed in a dignified way. Note: American Legion Posts hold Flag Disposal Ceremonies on Flag Day (June 14) each year. Disposal of flags no longer fit for display at a ceremony performed by the American Legion would be a dignified way in which to destroy worn flags. 9. It is the responsibility of the Community Services Department or the service contractor of an offsite municipal building (such as City Engineering/Building & Safety) to display the National and State Flags at municipal facilities in accordance with the pamphlet "Our Flag" published by the Joint Committee on Printing United States Congress by authority of House Concurrent Resolution 361, 100th Congress (includes Title 36, Chapter 10 of the United States Code). STAFF RECOMMENDATION: Adopt the flag etiquette policy as outlined in the staff report and direct that the policy be added to the list of Council Policies; authorize the City Manager or his designee to determine at what location(s) flags are to be flown 24 hours and for ceremonial purposes. C:\wpwin\lh\reports\flag.wpd h 1) 1 U !E3 kv \ 3 4k C� ti Y f E e '4 100th Congress, 2d Session - - - - H. Doc. 100 -247 OUR FLAG JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING UNITED STATES CONGRESS w Printed by authority of House Concurrent Resolution 361, I(N)th Congress. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : I98,9 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 PRINTED UNDE'll THE DIRECTION OF Tnh: JOINT CONI11IITTEE ON PRINTING WENDELL IL h0111). Son;ito! from F11:%%K ANNIAZIO, ficprescntalive from Kentucky, Chairwan Illinoi>, l rr'r Chairman DENNIS ALBERT I�EC(lNrl \I. S, natu! Iron, .1rii,m:, 1!ltir:Pll \1. GAIDOS, I ;eprvsu'nlali(c fro „) ALRERT Col(4:, Jlt., tii•u:,l l "1'rnnr „r�,' Ponn+�h:utia ThD STEVENS, Son:dur Irani :V:uk; Jul BAILS, Hcpres('nlati('e from California MARK O. IIA7rn!LU, Scnalor Irons 1) :%1' I10n3E11I5, 11cpr(•scnLlli%'c frol)l Kansas \E1% I' GINCRI(:rl, Rcprescntatilo from Gcorgia \nn It Ch;unkel” f:rhtor HOUSE CO\CURRE \T RESOLUTIO\ 361 (Submitted by \]r. ANNUNZIO) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 100th Congress, 2d Session September 7, 1988. Resolved by the House of Representatives (The Senate Concur- ring), That there be printed as it Mouse document a revised edition of "Our Flag ", revised under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing. In addition to the usual number of copies, there shall be printed two hundred and seventh• -eight thousand additional copies, of which two hundred and t%%"enty -one thousand five hundred copies shall be for the use of the House of Representatives, fifty -one thou- sand five hundred copies shall be for the use of the Senate, and five thousand copies shall be for the use of the Joint Committee on Printini. �"^1 U&W INTRODUCTION During the night of September 13, 1814, the British fleet bom- barded Fort McHenry in the harbor at Baltimore, Maryland. Fran- cis Scott Key, a 34 -year old lawyer -poet, watched the attack from the deck of a British prisoner - exchange ship. Ile had gone to seek the release of a friend but they were refused permission to go ashore until after the attack had been made. As the battle ceased on the following morning, Key turned his telescope to the fort and saw that the American flag was still waving. The sight so inspired him that he pulled a letter from his pocket and began to write the poem which eventually was adopted as the national anthem of the United States — "The Star - Spangled Banner." Key was returned to Baltimore and later that day took a room at a Baltimore tavern where he completed the poem. Years later, Key told a hometown audience in Frederick, Mary- land: "I saw the flag of my country waving over a city —the strength and pride of my native State —a city devoted to plunder and desolation by its assailants. I witnessed the preparation for its assaults. I saw the array of its enemies as they advanced to the attack. I heard the sound of battle; the noise of the conflict fell upon my listening ear, and told me that `the brave and the free' had met the invaders." In the spirit of the 175th Anniversary of "The Star- Spangled Banner,” the Joint Committee on Printing is pleased to present the latest edition of Our Flag. This Congressional publication briefly de- scribes the history of the flag, and sets forth the practices and ob- servances appropriate to its display. The Committee hopes that this document will be both useful and informative to its audience. WENDELL H. FORD Chairman FRANK ANNUNZIO Vice Chairman THE HISTORY OF THE STARS AND STRIPES The Stars and Stripes originated as a result of a resolution adopt- ed by the Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress at Philadelphia on June 14, 1777. The resolution read: "Resolved, that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white: that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field representinEz a nett, constella- tion. " The resolution gave no instruction as to how mane points the stars should have, nor how the stars should be arranged on the blue union. Consequently, some flags had stars scattered on the blue field without any specific design, some arranged the stars in rows, and some in a circle. The first Navy Stars and Stripes had the stars arranged in staggered formation in alternate rows of threes and twos on a blue field. Other Stars and Stripes flags had stars ar- ranged in alternate rows of four, five and four. Some stars had six points awhile others had eight. Strong evidence indicates that Francis IIopkinson of New Jersey, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, x\ as responsible for the stars in the U.S. flag. At the time that the flag resolution was adopted, Hopkinson was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's ;diddle Department. Hopkinson also helped design other devices for the Government including the Great Seal of' the United States. For his services, IIopkinson submitted a letter to the Conti- nental Admiralty Board asking "whether a Quarter Cask of the public Nine will not be a proper & reasonable Reward for these Labours of Fancy and a suitable Encouragement to future EAertions of a like Nature." His request was turned down since the Congress regarded him as a public servant. AN EARLY STARS AND STRIPES I)uring the He%olutionary War, several patriots made flags for our r,(,\% Nation. Among them were Cornelia Bridges, Elizabeth (Betsy) Ilo-, and Rebecca Young, all of Pennsylvania, and John Shaw of Annapolis. Maryland Although Betsy Ross, the best known of these persons. mode flags for 50 years, there is no proof that she made th(• first Stars and Stripes. It is known that she made flags for the Pc nns,1 ;,nia State Neiv % in 17771. The flag popularly known as the "13ets� Ross flag," \� hich arranged the stars in a circle, did not appear until the carl\ 1790's. The claims of Betsy Ross were first brought to the attention of the public in 1870 by one of her grandsons, William J. Canby. In a paper he read before the meeting of the Historical Society of Penn - sylvania. Canby stated: "It is not tradition, it is retort from the lips of the principal par- ticipator in the transaction, directly told not to one or two, but a dozen or more living witnesses, of which I myself am one, though but a little bo\ \Shen I heard it. . . . Colonel Ross with Robert Morris and Gcncral Washington, called on Mrs. Ross and told her the \�crc a co,ninittee of Congress, and .canted her to make a flag fror„ the dra\\ ing. a rough one, which, upon her suggestions, was rcdra�\ r, by Ccncral Washington in pencil in her back parlor. This \\ as prii „- to the Declaration of Independence. I fix the date to be during Washington's visit to Congress from New York in June, 1776 MICH he came to confer upon the affairs of the Army, the flag heing no doubt, one of these affairs.” THE GRAND UNION FLAG The first flag of the colonists to have any resemblance to the present Stars and Stripes was the Grand Union Flag, sometimes re ferred to as the Congress Colors, the First Navy Ensign, and th, Cambridge Flag. Its design consisted of 13 stripes, alternately rep and white, representing the Thirteen Colonies, with a blue field , the upper left -hand corner bearing the red cross of St. George o England with the white cross of St. Andrew of Scotland. As the fla of the revolution it was used on many occasions. It was first floNk 1. by the ships of the Colonial Fleet on the Delaware River. On De cember 3, 1775, it was raised aboard Captain Esek Hopkin's flag ship Alfred by John Paul Jones, then a Navy lieutenant. Later tht flag was raised on the liberty pole at Prospect Hill, which was nea George Washington's headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was our unofficial national flag on July 4, 1776, Independence Day . and it remained the unofficial national flag and ensign of the Nav% until June 14, 1777, when the Continental Congress authorized thi Stars and Stripes. Interestingly, the Grand Union Flag also Nyas the standard of thc British East India Company. It was only by degrees that the Union Flag of Great Britain was discarded. The final breach between the Colonies and Great Britain brought about the removal of the Brit- ish Union from the canton of our striped flag and the substitution of stars on a blue field. ( ) (3) FIFTEEN STARS AND STRIPES When two new States were admitted to the Union (Kentucky and Vermont), a resolution was adopted in January of 1794, expanding the flag to 15 stars and 15 stripes. This flag was the official flag of our country from 1795 to 1818, and was prominent in many histor- ic events. It inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star- Spangled Banner" during the bombardment of Fort McHenry; it was the first flag to be flown over a fortress of the Old World when American Marine and Naval forces raised it above the pirate stronghold in Tripoli on April 27, 1805; it was the ensign of American forces in the Battle of Lake Erie in September of 1813; and it was flown by General Jackson in New Orleans in January of 1815. However, realizing that the flag would become unwieldy with a stripe for each new State, Capt. Samuel C. Reid, USN, suggested to Congress that the stripes remain 13 in number to represent the Thirteen Colonies, and that a star be added to the blue field for each new State coming into the Union. Accordingly, on April 4, 1818, President Monroe accepted a bill requiring that the flag of the United States have a union of 20 stars, white on a blue field, and that upon admission of each new State into the Union one star be added to the union of the flag on the fourth of July following its date of admission. The 13 alternating red and white stripes would remain unchanged. This act succeeded in prescribing the basic design of the flag, while assuring that the growth of the Nation would be properly symbolized. (4) "l Eventually, the growth of the country resulted in ,t f7a �t ith 48 stars upon the admission of Arizona ,utd \e�c Mexico in 1912. Alaska added a 49th in 1959, an(I Ifawaii a :;()th star in 19ho. With the 50 -star flag came a new dcsi <dn and ,11-1 of the stars in the union, a requirement nut by President h:isel,homer in EACCU- tive Order No. 108.34, issued Am-rust 21. 19--39. TO conform with this, a national banner with 5f) stars hecallw the official fla," of the United States. The flag was raised for the first time at 12:()1 a.m. on July 4, 1960, at the Fort %IcI1c•ur\ \;((tonal \(nnnuient in Balti more, Maryland. Traditionally a symbol of liberh, the .ltuerican flay h.�s c,uried the message of freedom to tnnn� p,u-ts of the ��orld. Sontetil,tes the same flag that was flying at it crucial (Rosiest in our histot� has been flown again in another place to s�tnhr, lire contittltit� in our struggles for the cause of liberty. One of the most memorable is the flat; that Ile%% o� er the Capitol in Washington on December 7, 1 941, �� hen Pe,ul I I,trhor was at- tacked. This same flag was raised again on December ti �chen war was declared on Japan, and three (lav:s Liter at t1w till)(' of the dec- laration of war against Germane and Ital". President 13oosevelt called it the "flag of liberation" and carried it �% ith hill, to the Casa- blanca Conference and on other historic. occasion,. It flekk front the mast of the U.S.S. Jfissottri during the formal lapunese surrender on September 2, 1945. Another historic flag is the one that flew o. er Peat-I I (arbor on December 7, 1941. It also was present at the ations Char- ter meeting in San Francisco, California, and vcas used at the Big Three Conference at Potsdam, Germane. This same flag flew over the White House on August 14, 1945, when the Japanese accepted surrender terms. "Old Ironsides" in the War of 1812. Following the War of 1812, a great wave of nationalistic spirit spread throughout the country; the infant Republic had successfully defied the might of an empire. As this spirit spread, the Stars and Stripes became a symbol of sovereignty. The homage paid that banner is best expressed by what the gifted men of later genera- tions wrote concerning it. The writer Henry Ward Beecher said: "A thoughtful mind when it sees a nation's flag, sees not the flag, but the nation itself. And whatever may be its symbols, its insignia, he reads chiefly in the flag, the gov- ernment, the principles, the truths, the history that belongs to the nation that sets it forth. The -American flag has been a symbol of Liberty and men rejoiced in it. "The stars upon it were like the bright morning stars of God, and the stripes upon it were beams of morning light. As at early dawn the stars shine forth even while it grows light, and then as the sun advances that light breaks into banks and streaming lines of color, the glowing red and in- tense white striving together, and ribbing the horizon with bars effulgent, so, on the .American flag, stars and beams of many - colored light shine out together ...." In a 1917 Flag Day message, President Wilson said: "This flag, which we honor and under which we serve, is the emblem of our unite, our power, our thought and pur- pose as a nation. It has no other character than that which we give it from generation to generation. The choices are ours. It floats in majestic silence above the hosts that exe- cute those choices, whether in peace or in war. And yet, though silent, it speaks to us— speaks to us of the past, of the men and women who .vent before us, and of the records they wrote upon it. "We celebrate the day of its birth; and from its birth until now it has Mtnessed a great history, has floated on high the symbol of- great events, of a great plan of life worked out by a great people.... "Woe be to the nutn or group of men that seeks to stand in our %yay in this das of high resolution when every prin- ciple eye hold dearest is to be vindicated and made secure for the salvation of' the nation. We are ready to plead at the bar of history, and our flag shall wear a new luster. Once more we shall make good %%ith our lives and fortunes the great faith to which we were born, and a new glory shall shine in the face of our people." EARLY AMERICAN FLAGS Archeological digs in northern India, dating around 3,500 B.C., have uncovered a seal, used to sign documents. The seal shows a procession of seven men carrying square standards, held aloft on poles like modern flags. While these ancient flags were rigid, like boards, and not made of cloth as modern flags are, they provided ample testimony that heraldry and the displaying of banners dated to the earliest civilizations. In American history, the Vikings carried a flag which bore a black raven on a field of white. In 1492 Columbus sailed to our shores with his three small ships displaying the Spanish flag bearing two red lions on two white fields and two yellow castles on two red fields. The Dutch brought their own striped flags when they settled in New Amsterdam, which we now call New York, and pioneers from other nations also brought along the standards of their coun- tries when they settled on our shores. It is only natural, therefore, that America should create colonial flags as soon as the first colonists settled. Given the disparate array of settlers, it is not surprising that a wide variety of flags was cre- ated. The first flags adopted by our colonial forebears were symbolic of their struggles with the wilderness of the new land. Beavers, pine trees, rattlesnakes, anchors and various other insignia were affixed to different banners with mottoes such as "Hope," "Liberty," "Appeal to Heaven," or "Don't Tread on Me." In the early days of the Revolution, there were colonial and regi- mental flags by the score. The Boston Liberty flag, consisting of nine alternate red and white horizontal stripes, flew over the Liber- ty Tree, a fine old elm in Hanover Square in Boston, where the Sons of Liberty met. Still another was a white flag with a green . pine tree and the inscription, "An Appeal to Heaven." This particu- lar flag became familiar on the seas as the ensign of the cruisers commissioned by General Washington, and was noted by many English newspapers of the time. Flags with a rattlesnake theme also gained increasing prestige with colonists. The slogan "Don't Tread on Me" almost invariably appeared on rattlesnake flags. A flag of this type was the standard of the South Carolina Navy. Another, the Gadsden flag, consisted of (6 ) (7) the center. Below the snake \\ as the motto, "Don't Tread on Me." Similar was the Culpepper flag, banner of the Minute lnen of Cul- pepper (now spelled CUlpep(r) County, Virginia. It consisted of a white field with a rattlesnake in a spiral coil in the center. Above the rattlesnake was the legend "The Culpepper Minute Men" and below, the Motto, "Liberty or Death" as well as "Don't Tread on Me." In December- of 1775, an anonymous Philadelphia correspondent wrote to Bradford's Pennsr //('(1]](a journal concerning the symbolic use of the snake. He began the letter by saying: "I recollected that her eye excelled in brightness that of any other animal, and that she has no eye -lids. She may, therefore, be esteemed an emblem of vigilance. She never begins an attack, nor, when once engaged, ever surrenders. She is, therefore, an emblem of magnanimity and true courage. It was probably the deadly bite of the rattler, however, which was foremost in the minds of its designers, and the threatening slogan "Don't Tread on NIe" added further significance to the design. The 'Moultrie flag was the first distinctive American flag dis- played in the South. It flew over the ramparts of the fort on SUlli- van's Island, which lids in the channel leading to Charleston, South Carolina, \whets the f;ritish fleet, attacked on June 28, 1776. The British ships bombarded the fort for 10 hours. But the garrison, consisting of some 375 regulars and a few militia, under the corn - mand of Col. William Moultrie, put up such a gallant defense that the British were forced to withdraw under cover of darkness. This victory saved the southern Colonies from invasion for another two years. The flag was blue, as were the uniforms of the men of the garrison, and it bore a white crescent in the upper corner next to the staff, like the silver crescents the men wore on their caps, in- scribed with the words "Liberty or Death." The Maritime Colony of Rhode Island had its own flag, which was carried at Brandywine, Trenton, and Yorktown. It bore an anchor, 13 stars, and the word "Hope." Its white stars in a blue field are believed by many to have influenced the design of our national flag. The Army preferred its regimental flags on the battlefield instead of the Stars and Stripes. A popular form of the U.S. flag that was used in battle had the obverse (front) of the Great Seal in the canton. The Arm\ also used the Stars and Stripes with 13 stars in a circle. The Stars and Stripes was officially used in Army artillery units in 1834, and in infantry units in 184.7 IS) I O11'T \I( R I. FitIK South (:a r,- I"Tin, defi•ndinR Fort Moultrie in Charle,ton llarbnr in 1776 raiu•d nne of the carlie,t flaw of Anm•ricart libert %. The blue corrx•,Itonded to their uniform. the ,ilcer cr•amnt app,,,urd ,t, a badLze horn un their (it),. The• e.ea,i• Irnr which the•, fought— lOwlt, —%%,n ctnbLtioned on the cI (- %cerlt. RIIODF ISI.. % \D 11F(;I \11•: \_I. The State Ilan, of .\na•rica found their earlic,t firm, ([urine the H(•xolutto nar\ War. The ,ttrn caulort in file Ilatg of tho lthode blunt[ Reginu•nt scmbolized national unite . but the %% hire field curre,'ponded to the uniform of the State troops. -The anchor symbol and motto %%hic'h cons %leted the design had been used for more ( tan it cen- lury. 'I'll(- original flat; nt,,% be film([ in the State (louse in Pi-m idence. Guilt•:\ Mot \l. \1\ It()1S General John Stark of New Hampshire c•onunande( a militia bnKade kno%%n as the "Green Mountain Boys •• Tradition relates that its green flag was flown at the Battle of Bcnningtpn on August 16, 1777. As in man}' American flags, the stars here there arranged in an arbitrar% fashion. \exerthe- less they signified the unity of the - rhirteen Colonies in their struggle for independence During the \war of IS12 Captain James I.aurent - of the Clte,apeake tncuurat;ed I'll men, as he la% ding, b% exhortint Don't Give T p till, Ship... Three nwnths leer at the Battle of LAc F"e. Conunan- dant Perry emblazoned these %cords on it flag which carried him to \i(-ton. Similar flags and mottoes hate inspired :Itnn•ric•ans throughout our hco cl'nUtries of exhtencc. BP:\ \1\GTO\ FLAG Originatlly hcht'%ed to ha%'c been ca tricd during the Ro%olution. this ILL! is no%%' seen as hating probabh been made for the ,50th anniyersar% of the Declaration of Independ- ence in 1826. Its design is lxpical of the o\- uberant artistic expression, fount) in NO of the 19th contttrx. BE CA%U-111 G11DO\ During; the Ci%il [war a special version of the United States flag—%%ith s%%allox%tail and stars of gold instca d of %%hite —was carried by % the c•a%alrw. General Custer and others Used till' flat; in succeeding decades in the \Kest. THE' FLAG TODAY The flab, of the L'nitrd States of, America has 13 horizontal stripes -71 red and (� ��hitc —the red and white stripes alternating, and a union v`Ilic'h consists of \� hite stars of' 5 points on a blue field placed in the upper qu:uter nrxt to the stafj- and extending to the lower rd <�c, of thc� f�nnth rc'd stripe lions the top. The uuniber of stars equals t1w nuuil�c�r ol, State., in the Union. The proportions of the flag as prescrih,(l 1) l,;xcruti\ c Order of President Eisenhower on August 21. 1 f):iJ.:n c� ;n ,, Idth d n.�_ I -, I I1 Ut fl.,�._ _- l u ,t ,,i(ltli ,,t 1(,1 _ __...... ... 0.53,,5 tt -s _..., .... 01 769 FLAG ANATOMY 4 F LY ----► F-- HALYARD STAFF i 0 1 FLAG LAWS AND REGULATIONS The laws relating to the flag of the United States of America are found in detail in the United States Code. Title 4, Chapter 1 per- tains to the flag and seal, seat of Government and the States; Title 18, Chapter 33 pertains to crimes and criminal procedures; Title 36, Chapter 10 pertains to patriotic customs and observances. These laws were supplemented by Executive Orders and Presidential Proclamations. Title 36, Chapter 10— PATRIOTIC CUSTOMS §171. National anthem; Star - Spangled Banner, conduct during Playing During rendition of the national anthem when the flag is dis- played, all present except those in uniform should stand at atten- tion facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. Men not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should render the military salute at the first note of the anthem and retain this position until the last note. When the flag is not displayed, those present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed there. §172. Pledge of Allegiance to the flag; manner of delivery The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, "I pledge allegiance to the 1-119 of tale United States of' America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty, and justice for all. ", should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag With the right hand over the heart. When Ilot in uniform men should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform Should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. §173. Display and Use of flag by civilians; codification of rules and customs; definition The following codification of existing rules and customs pertain- ing to the display and use of the flag of the United States of Ainer- c N ica is established for the use of such civilians or civilian groups or organizations as lnay not be required to conform %with regulations promulgated by one or snore executive departments of the Govern- ment of the United States. The flag of the United States for the pur- pose of this chapter shall be defined according to Title 4, United States Code, chapter 1, section 1 and section 2 and Executive Order 10834 issued pursuant thereto. §174. Time and occasions for display (a) It is the universal custom to display the flag only from sunrise to sunset on buildings and on stationary flagstaffs in the open. How- ever, 101cn a patriotic effect is desired, the flag lnay be displayed twenty -four hours a clay if' properly illuminated during the hours of darkness. (b) The flat; should be hoisted briskly and lowered ceremoniously. (c) The flag should not be displayed on days when the weather is inclement, c.ecept \%hcn :ut all weather flag is displayed. (d) The flag should be displayed on all days, especially on New Year's Day, January 1; Inauguration Day, January 20; Lincoln's Birthday, February 12: Washington's Birthday, third Monday in February: h:astcr Sunday (variable). Mother's Day, second Sunday in May; ®ruled Forces Dav . third Saturday in fay: Memorial Day (half -staff until noon). the last Monday in May; Flag Day, June 14; Independence Day, Jule 4; Labor Day, first Monday in September; Constitution Day Scpteutber 17; Columbus Day, second Monday in October: Aay. Day. October 27; Veterans Day, November 11; Thanksgivin D.1v, fourth Thursday in November; Christmas Day, December 25: and such other claws as may be proclaimed by the President of the L'nit(�d State,: the birthdays of States (date of ad- mission); and on State holida%s. (e) The flat; should bc� displa* ed daily on or near the main admin- istration building, of dery public institution. (f) The flab, should be display ed in or near every polling place on election da.\ S. (g) The I],tg should be displayed during school days in or near every schoolhouse. §175. Position and manner of display The flat„ %N 11011 c:u riecf in a procession with another flag or flags, should be either on the Marching right; that is, the flag's own right, or, if there is a line of other flags, in front of the center of that line. (a) The flag should not be displayed on a float in a parade except from a staff, or as pro% idcd in subsection (i) of this section. i 12 Over the middle of a street • north or east •— h I�� A.M Memorial Day P.M. With another flag on crossed staffs �_ On same halyard with flags of States, cities and organizations r ♦♦a•ata• •• ♦aa • i� i Suspended over a sidewalk (13) At an angle from a building On a speaker's platform .•. � a..''aaaaa When unveiling a statue or monument On a wall atY�br,M f w s w + y!s s! ♦ys. r. Draped over a casket f+ W Grouped with flags of other States. cities and organizations i. 'r�r�)� %� -_rJ/ V•1 ice: i' Saluting the flag In a process ^n (15) 1 With flags of two or more nations d +� Proper display of bunting (b) The flag should not be draped over the hood, top, sides, or back of a vehicic or of a raih-oad train or a boat. When the flag is displayed on a unotorcar, tilt, stain shall be fixed firmly to the chassis or clamped to the right frndt,r. (c) No other flag or pcnrt:utt should be placed above or, if on the same level. to the right of' the flag of the United States of America, except during church ser\ ices conducted by naval chaplains at sea, when the church pennant nutv be flown above the flag during church scrc ices fur the personnel of the Navy. No person shall dis- play the flan, oI' the t'nited Nations or any other national or interna tional Ilan; equal, above, or in a position of superior prominence or honor to, or in place of the flag of the United States at any place within the United States or ,ut� Territory or possession thereof: Pro- vided, That nothing in this section shall make unlawful the continu- ance of the practice heretofore follo\ved of displaying the flag of the Unitcd Nations in a position of superior prominence or honor, and other national flags in positions of equal prominence or honor, with that of the Ilag of the United States at the headquarters of the United Nations. (d) The flog of- the United States of America, when it is displayed with another flag against a �� all from crossed staffs, should be on the right, the flag's o" n right, and its staff should be in front of the staff of the other flan. (e) The flag of tilt, Unitt,d States of America should be at the center and at the hight,st point of the group Xyhen a number of flags of States or localities or pcnrnauts of societies are grouped and displayed front staffs. (f) When flags of States, cities, or localities, or pennants of soci- eties are flow n on tilt, s;unc 11Av and with the flag of the United States, the Litter should ulx\,ns be at the peak. \Vhen the flags are flown from adjacent st�tfls. the flag of the United States should be hoisted first and lu�� creel Ia.st. No such flag or pennant may be placed abm �� the flag ol- tilt, Knit,(] States or to the Unitcd States flag's right. (g) Whcn flags of, tern or more nations are displayed, thev ore to be flown front scp:u ate stuffs of- tilt• s:unc height. The flags should be of appro.xiniatcl� equal size. ]nternational usage forbids the dis- play of the flag of one nation abort, that of another nation in time of peace. e (h) \Vht,n the flue of the t-uitc•cl States is displayed from a staff projecting horizoutallt ur at it" ;utglc from the window sill, balcony, or front of ,t building, tilt, union of the flag should be placed at the peak of the stall unless tilt, flag is at half staff. When the flag is sus - pended over a a rope extending froth a house to u M pole at the edge of the sidewalk, the flag should be hoisted out, union first, from the building. (i) When displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall, the union should be uppermost and to the flag's own right, that is, to the observer's left. When displayed in a window, the flag should be displayed in the same way, with the union or blue field to the left of the observer in the street. 0) When the flag is displayed over the middle of the street, it should be suspended vertically with the union to the north in an east and west street or to the east in a north and south street. (k) When used on a speaker's platform, the flag, if displayed flat, should be displayed above and behind the speaker. When displayed from a staff in a church or public auditorium, the flag of the United States of America should hold the position of superior prominence, in advance of the audience, and in the position of honor at the cler- gyman's or speaker's right as he faces the audience. Any other flag so displayed should be placed on the left of the clergyman or speak- er or to the right of the audience. (1) The flag should form a distinctive feature of the ceremony of unveiling a statue or monument, but it should never be used as the covering for the statue or monument. (in) The flag, when flown at half- staff, should be first hoisted to the peak for an instant and then lowered to the half -staff position, The flag should be again raised to the peak before it is lowered for the day. On Memorial Day the flag should be displayed at half -staff until noon only, then raised to the top of the staff. By order of the President, the flag shall be flown at half -staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States Government and the Gover- nor of a State, territory, or possession, as a mark of respect to their memory. In the event of the death of other officials or foreign dig- nitaries, the flag is to be displayed at half -staff according to Presi- dential instructions or orders, or in accordance with recognized cus- toms or practices not inconsistent with law. In the event of the death of a present or former official of the government of any State, territory, or possession of the United States, the Governor of that State, territory, or possession may proclaim that the National flag shall be flown at half- staff. The flag shall be flown at half -staff thirty days from the death of the President or a former President; ten day's from the day of death of the Vice President, the Chief Jus- tice or a retired Chief Justice of the United States, or the Speaker of the House of Representatives; from the day of death until inter- ment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, a Secretary of i an executive or military department, a former Vice President, or the Governor of a State, territory, or possession; and on the day of (17) (I(;Iln a11c1 tilt' 1011miulg clay for a Meuiber of kmllgrc•ss. As used In this subsection — (1) the term ­half—staff" means the position of' the flag when it is one -half the distance between the top and bottom of the staff; (2) the terns "executive or military department" means any agency listed under sections 101 and 102 of title 5, United States Code; and (3) the term "'Member of Congress" means a Senator, a Representative, a Delegate, or the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico. (n) \then the flag is used to cover a casket, it should be so placed that the union is at the head and over the left shoulder. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or allowed to touch the ground. (o) When the flag is suspended across a corridor or lobby in a building with only one main entrance, it should be suspended verti- cally with the union of the flag to the observer's left upon entering. If the building has more than one main entrance., the flag should be suspended vertically near the center of the corridor or lobby with the union to the north, when entrances are to the east and \west or to the east when entrances are to the north and south. If there are entrances in more than two directions, the union should be to the east. §176. Respect for the Flag No disrespect should be shown to the flag of the United States of America; the flag should not be dipped to any person or thing. Reg- imental colors, State flags, and organization or institutional flags are to be dipped as a mark of honor. (a) The flag should never be displayed xvith the union down, except as a signal of dire distress in instances of extreme danger to life or property. (b) The flag should never touch anything beneath it, such as the ground, the floor, water, or merchandise. (c) The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free. (d) The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery. It should never be festooned, drawn back, nor up, in folds, but always allowed to fall free. Bunting of blue, white, and red, always arranged with the blue above, the white in the middle, and the red below, should be used for covering a speaker's desk, drap- ing the front of the platform, and for decoration in general. (18) (e) llte Ilag should rlevcr be Iastcn cl, di.pla�ecl, uud, or stored in such a planner as to permit it to be easily torn, soiled, or dam- aged in any wa%-. (f) The flag should never be used as a coy erin(_� for a ceiling. (g) The flag should never have placed upon it, nor on any part of it, nor attached to it any inark, iwit*,nia, 1(•tter, word, figure, design, picture, or drawing of any nature. (h) The flag should never be used as a receptacle for receiving, holding, carrying, or delivering in ,, thin (i) The flag should never be used for ad%rrtking purposes in any manner whatsoever. It should not he clnbroidered on such articles as cushions or handkerchiefs and the like, prilited or otherwise im- pressed on paper napkins or boxes or anything that is designed for temporary use and discard. Advertising sk-nis should not be fastened to a staff or halyard from which the flag is flown. (j) No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform. However, a flag patch nlav he lf'f'ixcd to the uniform of military personnel, firemen, policemen. and members of patriotic organizations. The flag represents a living country and is itself con- sidered a living thing. Therefore, the lapel flag pili being a replica, should be worn on the left lapel near the heart. (k) The flag, when it is in such condition that it is no longer a fitting emblem for display, should be destroyed in a dignified way, preferably by burning. §177. Conduct during hoisting, loyering or passim; of flag During the ceremony of hoisting or the flag or when the flag is passing in a parade or in re%ic . all persons present except those in uniform should face the flag and stand at attention with the right hand over the heart. Those present in uniform should render the military salute When not in uniforin, risen should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left Shoulder, the hand being over the heart. AheIIS should stand at at- tention. The salute to the flag in a moving column should be ren- dered at the moment the flag passes. §178.:Nfodification of rules and custonis by President Any rule or custom pertaining to the display of" the flag of the United States of America, set forth herein, Ina% be altered, modi- fied, or repealed, or additional rules with respect thereto may be prescribed, by the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, whenever he deenis it to be appropriate or desirable; and any such alteration or additional rule shall be set forth in a proclaination. nu FLAG PRESENTATION Presentation of thc� 11x4; during a ceremony should be preceded by a brief talk enlphasizin>; the importance of the occasion. Follow- ing the presentation ;ill present should salute the flag, recite the pledge of alle��iancc�. and sing the national anthem. FOLllING THE FLAG 1. Two jwrxlns, facia,; each otho-r, hold the flag waist high and horizontally h0ty c(Vn than. 2. The lov�o,r striped section is folded, lengtimise, over the blue field. hold 1>,)ttom to top ,uul C(h* -'s together securely. 3. Fold t1w IL,, a��ain, l� n tll�x ise. folded edge to open edge. 4. A fol(l is start�cl aloe" the length of' the flag, fi-onl the end to thL ht;ulin�� h� bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to nw(� t thr ��p� n i �f� . 5. The outer point i> turned in\yard parallel vyith the open edge, forming a srcond tii,ul'-le. 6. Repeat the h iangnlar folding( until the entire length of- the flag is folded. 7. When the tla�� is complct(.l) f -olded only the triangular blue field should he yisihle. CARE OF YOUR FLAG The life of your flag depends on your care. Dirt can cut fabrics, dull colors, and cause wear. Most outdoor flags can be washed in mild detergent and thoroughly rinsed. Indoor and parade flags should be dry-cleaned. Many dry cleaners offer free cleaning of U.S. flags during the months of June and July. Damaged flags can be re- paired and utilized as long as the overall dimensions are not notice- ably altered. American Legion Posts and local governments often have facilities to dispose of unserviceable flags. Store your flags in a well ventilated area away from any harsh chemicals or cleaning compounds. If your flag gets wet, never store it until it is complete- ly dry. Vet folds cause permanent creases. Dampness ruins fabric and causes mildew. Pole care is also related to flag care. Rust and scale cause permanent stains and some metallic oxides actually eat holes in fabric. SIZES OF FLAGS The size of the flag is determined by the exposed height of the flagpole from which it is flying. The only consideration is for the flag to be in proper proportion to its pole. Flags which fly from angled poles on homes and those which are displayed on standing poles in offices and other indoor displays are usually either 3' x 5' or 4' x 6'. Color guards usually carry flags measuring 4' x 6'. Other rec- ommended sizes are shown in the following table: I Lwlude Ihuhl fl i I'l.w Sin• W 20 ............. ......................_. ............................... _. 4 . 6 i o) CARE OF YOUR FLAG The life of your flag depends on your care. Dirt can cut fabrics, dull colors, and cause wear. Most outdoor flags can be washed in mild detergent and thoroughly rinsed. Indoor and parade flags should be dry-cleaned. Many dry cleaners offer free cleaning of U.S. flags during the months of June and July. Damaged flags can be re- paired and utilized as long as the overall dimensions are not notice- ably altered. American Legion Posts and local governments often have facilities to dispose of unserviceable flags. Store your flags in a well ventilated area away from any harsh chemicals or cleaning compounds. If your flag gets wet, never store it until it is complete- ly dry. Vet folds cause permanent creases. Dampness ruins fabric and causes mildew. Pole care is also related to flag care. Rust and scale cause permanent stains and some metallic oxides actually eat holes in fabric. SIZES OF FLAGS The size of the flag is determined by the exposed height of the flagpole from which it is flying. The only consideration is for the flag to be in proper proportion to its pole. Flags which fly from angled poles on homes and those which are displayed on standing poles in offices and other indoor displays are usually either 3' x 5' or 4' x 6'. Color guards usually carry flags measuring 4' x 6'. Other rec- ommended sizes are shown in the following table: I Lwlude Ihuhl fl i I'l.w Sin• 20 ............. ......................_. ............................... _. 4 . 6 25 ........................................... ............................... 5 x h - 10 .......................................... .............................._ 6 x 10 ill........................................... ............................... H x 12 611 _ ..................................._.... ....................,.......... 10 x 15 70 ........................................... ............................... 12 x Is 90._ ....................................... ...._.......................... 15 x 25 1 25 .............................................................. x all 200 ............................................... I .................. _.... 30 x 40 250 .................................... .... . ............................... all x 50 (21) FLAGS AT THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL No record has been found for tale earliest date the flag Nyas flown o\ er the east and west fronts of' the Capitol. I ?arly engravings and lithographs in the office of the Architect of the Capitol show flags flying on either side of the original low dome above the corridors connecting the areas now known as Statuary Hall and the Old Senate Chamber. After the addition of the new House and Senate wings in the 1850s, even before the great dome was completed in 1863, photo- graphs of the period show flags flying over each new wing and the central east and west fronts. The custom of flying the flags 24 hours a clay over the east and \t est fronts was begun during World War I. This was clone in re- sponse to requests received from all over the country urging that the flag of the United States be floxvn continuously over the public buildings in Washington, DC. The east and west front flags, which are 8 x 12 feet, are replaced by new ones when they become worn and unfit for further use. Prior- to machine -made flags, individuals were hire(] by the Con- gress to handsexv these flags. Presidential proclamations and laws authorize the display of the flag 24 hours a day at the following places: Dort McHenry National 'Monument and Historic Shrine, I3alti- more, Maryland (Presidential Proclamation No. 2795, July 2, 1948). 1'119 I10uSe Square, Albemarle and Pratt Streets, Baltimore Mary - Ian(] (Public Lary 83-319, approved March 26, 1954). United States Marine Corp Memorial (Iwo Jima), Arlington, Vir- ginia (Presidential Proclamation No. 3418, June 12, 1961). On the Green of` the Town of Lexington, Massachusetts (Public Laxv 89 -335, approved November 8, 1965). The White House, Washington, DC. (Presidential Proclamation No. 4000, September 4, 1970). Washington Monument, Washington, D(:. (Presidential Proclama- tion No. 4064, Jul. 6, 1971, ef*fectix (, Jule -1. 1971). I if,ty (lags of the United States are displayed at the Washington . Monument continu- ously. United States Customs Ports of- Fntr% \N hich are contirnually open (Presidential Proclamation No. 41:31, Ma\ 5, 1972). Grounds of the rational Memorial Arch in Vallev Forge State Park, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania ( Public Law 91 -53, approved July 4, 1975). Many other places fly the flag at night as a patriotic gesture by custom. HOW TO OBTAIN A FLAG FLOWN 01-ER THE CAPITOL Constituents may arrange to purchase flags that fiei%e been flown over the Capitol by getting in touch with their Senators or Repre- sentative. A certificate signed by the Architect of the Capitol ac- companies each flag. Flags are available for purchase in sizes of 3' x 5' or 5' x 8' in fabrics of cotton and n\ lon. ('22:3) Crewing by n. J. Davis, 1932 (22) Washington Monument, Washington, D(:. (Presidential Proclama- tion No. 4064, Jul. 6, 1971, ef*fectix (, Jule -1. 1971). I if,ty (lags of the United States are displayed at the Washington . Monument continu- ously. United States Customs Ports of- Fntr% \N hich are contirnually open (Presidential Proclamation No. 41:31, Ma\ 5, 1972). Grounds of the rational Memorial Arch in Vallev Forge State Park, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania ( Public Law 91 -53, approved July 4, 1975). Many other places fly the flag at night as a patriotic gesture by custom. HOW TO OBTAIN A FLAG FLOWN 01-ER THE CAPITOL Constituents may arrange to purchase flags that fiei%e been flown over the Capitol by getting in touch with their Senators or Repre- sentative. A certificate signed by the Architect of the Capitol ac- companies each flag. Flags are available for purchase in sizes of 3' x 5' or 5' x 8' in fabrics of cotton and n\ lon. ('22:3) Crewing by n. J. Davis, 1932 i ilfli ..f..`.. �.. Fill I hill F11 F11 ( � Inaugurat.on , ! P,._ -, ;,_ it Euyn in January 1989 Representative Claude Popper of Florida laying in state in the Capitol Rotunda 0211 Swearing -in of Speaker Thomas S. Foley of Washington. Flag at half -mast over the Capitol. AMERICAN WAR MOTHERS FLAG The American War Mothers is a national organization chartered by Congress with its headquarters in Washington, DC. Its members are mothers whose sons and daughters have served or who are serv- ing in the Armed Forces. Its objective is to aid the serviceman or veteran and his family, including those who are hospitalized. According to records in the Office of the Architect of the U.S. Capitol, the American War Mothers flag was purchased by them and first flown over the U.S. Capitol, always below the American flag, on Armistice Day, November 11, 1926. The authority for flying that flag over the U.S. Capitol on this oc- casion and in subsequent years has been granted annually by writ- ten permission of the Vice President and the Speaker of the house of' Representatives. Provision for the ceremony was further recognized when the flagpole on the east front, after the extension of 1960, was installed with two halyards. Traditionally the flag has been raised at 11 minutes after 11 a.m. by a detail from the Capitol Police. The flag flies until sundown, d- though originally it flew only for three hours. A bugler selected from one of the armed services plays taps. Brief memorial services are held in connection with the ceremony. These services have been accommodated on the east and west front steps or in Statuary Hall and permission to hold them is generally granted in the same letter that permits the flag to be flown. The let of July 1, 1882, regulating the use of the Capitol Grounds vests the Vice President and the Speaker with the authority to grant this privilege. The American War Mothers flag is kept in a safe at the U.S. Cap- itol. The present flag, first used in 1970, replaced the original woolen flag of 1926. It is of a synthetic fabric, 47 x 72 inches in size, consisting of a white field with a red border 11 inches wide. At the top is an 11 -inch blue star for the 4,695,039 who served in World War I. These figures are 21/2 inches in blue. Across the center in 4 -inch letters are the words "United States Service Flag." Below is an 11 -inch gold star for the 60,672 who gave their lives. These figures are 2' /z inches high in gold. (2.5) 111M 1U 01JI IN A BURIAL ILAG FOR A VETERAN Any honorably discharged veteran is entitled to a burial flag. The funeral director, as part of the ser rangements for the family on bell be used to cover the casket and i keepsake. The local office of the can also provide information on t} f d \ tCCS, WHI make the necessary ar- alf of the veteran. The flag tnay t is presented to the family as a Department of Veterans' Affairs �e procedure for obtaining a flag or a eceased veteran. A 12 by IS foot flag flies at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial 24 hours a day. The flagpole is located just a few feet from the statute of the "Three Servicemen" and near the walkway leading to the Memorial walls. The base of the flagpole has an inscription and the emblem of the five U.S. military services, and was designed to be placed for public viewing, Vr (2fi) FLAGS OF STATES AND Th:IIIII'I'ORIP;S \1. \R.\ \IA 1,ntered the Union in 11il9 :u thr "111 side: Ilex adopted in 1495, "I'hr dia�ai,l cross and the• equan .hap,• of the Bae -, r( ill the Battle Flag of the• Conlcderacs. v;.r nired in hehruar% of 1461 in \loot_ n, Alah:una,s capital. \1117ONA Entered the Union in 1912 as the ISO, State; Ilag adoptcd in 1917. Red ;111,1 s cllo,s are the colors of Spain, vchile hluc i, for the United States and the copper star ss nihol- izes mineral resources. The r:ns cueLr.t th,- setting sun mer the desert. (2 71 \I \11ti \ fnt� n -I (In 1 - - n: I`1 ;e1 •is the 49th ,,. I•, I,1• :I in 1"27. Be1111% Benson, i I d .tug nt. ,h.�,�. the \orth Star nil tln Iti, Uily•i uh�n h� designed Alas - Li ILr� in i t ir�t�ni,ii .rh"ol contest. Its the ,. if,iri .I,, .otd its gold. O * 11th VA`, AS 1-111tt•r, -d the l milli in 14315 as the 25th State: floc adopted in 1913, modified in 192:3 :rod 1921. :\rkans;u' rank in the Union is indi -11-1 by lh,• stars which border the diamond, recalling that it is the only State where• minerals are mined. The four stars in the diarnood refer to important aspects of Arkansas hi.ton a CALIFORNIA Entered the ('tiiun in IS:iU ;u th,• :ilst State; nag adupt,(1 in p) 11, modified in 1953. American,. in �oi,t ssa, then \Irsie.u, territory, proclaim, d th, in,l, p, nd, It(,' ,,t California on Jury I t. I i(; I h, their "Rear H.w H ed by the Slate. COLORADO Entered the Union in IS76 Is the 38th Slate; flag adopted in 1911, modified in 1964. 1'elImN and whit(, refer to the mining 1 gold and siher, whit(, these colors plus I,hn• .ue found in the Ruck\ \taunt :tin col - 11111hine, the State flowor. Red is also 1 n the Sp.o,i,II word Iirr that c„lor --. -,,hued. Ratified the C,.;;,tir0, 1, it- 17tis .�, ti, fifth State: Rag aj j,h d t!, I YC Nil es in ill,. cu.0 "1 ori•ival c•oloni,.s - -< ;;w u A,., ILn, •. an Sat brook "1`I., Us Over Al -ill 80th Ra1m. 2S Dlil.A1V':ARI', H.,tified the Constitution oft December 1, 1757. its the first State; flag adopted in I'd i liev,luliunary War uniforms arc hon- un-,1 m the hill(, and buff colors while c•onr- nur<� the• ship(, and agriculture (wheat, fanner) ;ne featured in the coat of .uun FLORIDA Entered the Union in 1815 as the 27th Stale: flag adopt(,d in 19(1(1, modified in 1955. The cro,s derives from the Conledur- ale liatllt- 1'Ltg '111C Slate seal shows it Setu- inole woman, it stcemboal, and the Slate Ire(, —a sah:d p.ilotello palm. .._ -.. . ,. w<° HAWAII FAIWred the Onion in 1959 as the 50th SLdo; Il.Ig mf,,`>)Wd in 181(1, modified in I,Si.S. The lirilislI 1'nion Jack recalls the ono hre,onted t,, King K:unch:uucha I in 1,-93 e (;:y>Ltin Gorge \':,ncouvcr. The eight stripes arc Im the principal islands of I Lm aii. ( °_9) GEORGIA Ratified the Constitution in 1788 as the fourth State; flag adopted in 1956. The ( il- lars in the seal are for the three bra nches of government, defended by tilt- State mih- tar ,v firrces. The Battle Flay, of tile• Coulod- er:te•y recalls Ccorgia's Southern heritage. IDAHO Entered the Union in 1890 as the 43rd State; flat; ado IR•cl in 1927. The seal incor- porates svmbo�s of agriculture. mining, for - estrv, wildlife, and svome•n -s rights. The Latin motto means °\l:ty She Last For - es er .. ILLINOIS ILLINOIS Entered the Union in T818 as the 21st State. flag adopted in 1915• modified in 1970. The central design is from tile State seal and shorn national symbols plus dates of Statehood 11818t and the• seal itself i I S6S1- 1\1)1:\\:\ Entered the Union in 1816 as the l9th State; flag adopted in 1917. The outer rink of stars is for the original States, the inner rinr� for those up to and including Indiana . h:nlightenment and liberty s >reading throughout the land are represented b\ the torch and ras s. 10 WA Entered the Union in 1846 as the 29th State; flag adopted in 1921. The eagle and motto ribbon are found in the State seal. The stripes recall the French Tricolor since lotsa teas acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase. r� (30) KANSAS Entered the Union in 1861 as the 341h State; flag adopted in 1925, modified in 1927 and 1963. A sunflower, the State floral emblem, appears above the State seal with figures representing pioneer life. The motto moans "'To the Stars 'Through Difficulties.- IMP:\ fVCKl Entcn•d th, Union in 1792 ,, th, 1 7th Sate: flat" ad „pted in 191 ", 1 in 1962. '111c frontiersman and hunter. r,im,- scntinv, Kentocks and the mLin; i tiLetr, cspre , the m, mail,! of the motto in the seal. I he Slate flImer t"oldcnn,d fr.no, the de,icn at the bottom MAIM. Entered the L pion in 15 20 as the 231d Slate; flag adopted in 1909. The nn,lto "I Direct" refers to the \orth Star. \"aloe having once been the norlha•nunost State. Agriculture. shipping, and folestrs arc .,nr bolized b)' other elements in the coal of arms. m I I t( ICI VA \ 1, d th, 1 1 "12 us the 18th 1112 In heraldry a h h, .0 h lone .it h, i i- ,,t to feed her ..ie rificc. Louisiana n �! th" I, nit ,rc prior to "IA, \I \Hl I. \ \1) 13,01fied the l',vntituti,m in 1788 as the cnth St.itc: Il,w a,hq,ted in 1904. The coat of .iron el th, L, rd, Baltimore unites ,d the ('.ilccrt .ind Crossland fami- lie,. \11, ".111,” It I, o., d miti.ir flags since at L..t 11; 3" 1' l 6i VASSACIII ,I -:rI :. Ratified the CDII,tItUtlun in I,',S ;u tl,o sixth State; flag adopted in !t)IIS, nu>d,tied in 1971. The State• u,utto transl.,trs "I hi, Hand Oppposed to 'I \r.uit, Sc,urhos. csith the Sword, for Peaceful C,,ndition, I nder Libert% %' The ,tar indicate, }ta(ehuod a h,le the 11 ati\'e Amenc.ut .,, :, \lauachu,ett, symbol as earh :,, 1625). MICHIGAN Entered the Union in 1537 as the 26th Stine; flag adopted in 1911. The national motto is accompanied in the Michi';m arms b)' the slogans " I Shall Defend" :ur(� "If' You Seek a Pleasant Peninsula. Look Around You" An elk. tnooso, and scenes from nature are included in the design. III \ \1':u T1 :1 Entered the t'ni„n ut 1S-,, .0 the i2nd State; flag adopted ,n 1`e37 A ,c nc from pioneer life appe.,r, in tln St.,tr ,eel t, ".Or er with the mots„ "7 he \orth Star * '11w nineteen star, uuinate Al :nn, �; �t.i', rink ui Statehood, folL,:su,,� the ,r, :in.d thirt, � n States. 32) MISSISSIPPI Entered the Union in IS17 as the 211th State. flag adopted in 1 S94. The State flag „ a corubinatiun of hco Confederate Ilags- the Stars and liars and the Battle Flag• both n(luding the national colors. MISSOURI Elitered the Union in 1821 its the 2 -Ilh State; Rag adopted in 1913. On a back- ground of the national colors a ?pear the Missouri anus framed by stars indicating its order of Statehood. The I.atin motto means •'Lot the WL:Il lu of the People Be the Su- preme Lacc.. MO \TA \A Entered the Union in 1559 its the 41st Stale; flag adopted in 1905, modified 1981. The Slate seal shoscs the Great halls of the Missouri Riser and tools indicating mining and agoicullurn•. The motto "Gold and Silcet- appears on it ribbon beloca. \EAMASICA l :nlered the t'nion ill IN67 as the 37th Slate; flag adopted in 1925. Included in the State seal ;are the Rocky Mountains, the Missouri Ricer, sche;d and corn, a steam - boat. a train, and a blac•ksntith ,cith his h:unnn•r and am il. (:33) NEE ADA Entered the Union in 1216.1 as the 36th State, flag adopted in 1929. A spray of the State flower, sagebrush, frames a star of siher which recalls the mining industry. "Battle Born" refers to Nevada's Statehood during the Civil %%'ar. NdAV HAMPSHIRE Ratified the Constitution in 1788 as the ninth State; flag adopted in 1909, modified in 1932. The importance in Nesr Ilanipshire of shipbuilding during the M- Nolutionary \I'ar is suggested by the state seal The nine stars correspond to Ncu Hampshire's rank among the States. NE\V MEXICO Entered the Union in 1912 ;as the 47th Slate; flag adopted in 1925. The red and gold colors of Spain, which once ruled the area, arc combined with an ancient sun sy m bol of the Zia tribe of Native Americans in this flag. (34) NEW JERSEY Ratified the Constitution in 1787 as the third State; flag adopted in 1896. The buff background is for th,- uniforms \corn be Revolutionary War soldiers Goon N(-\' , Jersey. The coat of arms has the goddesses of liberty and agriculture, as well as three plows and a horse's head. NEAV YORK Ratified the Constitution in 1788 as the Ilth State; flag adopted in 1901. The coat of arms shows a scene along the Hudson River, framed by goddesses of liberty and justice. The American eagle surmounts the world at the top; the motto "I-.xcclsior•' ap- pears below. NORTH CAROLINA Ratified the Constitution in 17Y) as the 12th SLtte: Rag adopted in 1845. The na- tional colors, a star for Statehood. and the initials of the Statc are included. The (Lit arc, for the Mecklenburg Dcc•laration of In dependence (Ma} 20. 17751 and th(• llah(:n Resohcs (April 12, 1776 1. N()li l II I) \KM \ Entcrt-d thr I im.n in ItiS9 as the 39th St.ih : Ilan ad,oph-d in 1911 \ military Rag oeith a nunhli, d eer. (d the ('toted States l�,,it (d aria, irn, d hs the Dakota rnitorial (ai.nd ,uul Liter the North (;n.od I h.• State Rag is a nip �lili� d s d Ih—o hmn.•rs. 3IIfLi Entered the Union in 1803 as the 17th State; flag adopted in 1902. The onls non - rectangular State flag has stars indicatinL Ohio•s order of Statehood. The red disk and \%-hit(, ring are for the State tree lthc buck eye) and first letter of the State name M OKI.A1PAI:A Into red Ow I ni,ni in 1907, as the 46th St_it,•: ILL! ,al,pted ni 19 °_>, modified 1941 and 19titi _An hwld stands for de- 1 rin,.•, it. sni.ill ( i o hot Ii)It ideals. The Now h.0 ks;naincl ., nI ­h/­ Invalty, while the uli,e Lr:w,It :aid , ilinnrt arc for peace. . OIHAa)\ Entered th, ( nip ;n iii ,, the gird Stale; flag .idnl'l, d ui P) —, I l" of )ioneer, c nil m,, ,ulh „ iir. „I u.uiirr a ,cmbol, �d .iii i, nllui� .uid .htl�l �in� The reten,• beater. filk11)1 I'll. \\I) Italihed if,,' (].O.lit [it nm ui 17'01) 13th Stale: fl .w .ul,q,t, d in I lN- traditional ,cniL��l ul hi�In, ��.,, lii,t .uLg4,d by Rhode I,L,nd lihode IsLuid In—'J" ua the Hr, tali ni. n War carried ,f ,%Muir %eith ,u, .111(1_1 and thirteen ,tan fit PENNSI INANIA Itatified the Con,tilutiOn in 17,57 as the „z,ntd State: flag udupted in 1907. The coat of arms incorporates a ,hip liar commerce unl ;a plot and %%head ,hea%es for agricul- ture• Iha(t horso,, the \merle ;ua eagle, an(I the Slaty un4lo complete the deign. SOl'7'II CAIMLIN,1 I{.,tlhe(I the Constitution iu 17S8 a the ighth State: flag adopted in 1861. Troops dviondiug harbor forts during the Ite%olu- tion.ari %1:ar displ:a\cd as blue flag kith a %%hde rresceut 'hlit, Stde tree. a palmetto. %%.0 added to the flag %%Iwil South Carolina pro(Luuac•d its independence in 15fi1. SOUTH DAKOTA Entered the Union in 1889 as the 40th State; flag adopted in 1963. The State seal is represented against a sunhurst. Its design includes s%mbofs of sloek raising, industry, agriculture, commerce. and nattne. FE,XAS Entered the Union in 18.15 as the 28th Slate; flag adopted in Ifi39. The American Origin of the settlers \%ho revolted against Mexican rode and established the independ- ent Republic of Texas %%-as reflected in the flags they caarricd, including the one Mlic•h eventually became the State Ilag of the •'Lone Star Statc." (37) TENNESSEE Entered the Union in 1796 as the 16th State; flag ado c I in 1905. The three stars refer to the fact that Tennessee %tus the third State to join after the Original Thir- teen and is composed of three geographic regions. The colors are found in the flags of the United States and of the Confuderaact. U All Entered the l'nion in 1896 as the 45th Slade; flag adopted in 1911, modified in 1913. The beehi%C symbolizes industry, While the American eagle • nd flags stand for lotaltt to the Nation. The early settlers were sated from starvation by eating the sego lily, now recognized as the State flower. N ERMO \T Entered the Union in 1791 as the lath State: flan; adopted in 192:3. The cad of arms, based on the• State seal, shows a scene from nature with pine tree and mountains. Branches of pine �)clow commemorate the 1ti17 Battle of Plattsburgh. WASHINGTON Entered the Union in 1889 as the 42nd State: Rag adopted in 1923, modified in 1957. The "Eee'rgrcen State" shores the color green for the background of its Flag, which bears the State seal. The president for whom the State was maned was made part of the seal in 1889. �1 VIRGINIA Ratified the Constitution in 1788 as the 10th State. flat; adopted in IS61. The Latin motto "Thus E\cr to 'I' rants" is reflected in the design of the seal. Much shows a yeoman subduing a kink. Around the edges are tines of the ice kmmm'n as \ irginia creeper. 1017 W�7. \VEST VIRGINIA Entered the Union in 1863 as the 35th State; flag adopted in 1905, modified in 1907 and 1929. The big laurel, the State Rower, fr nies the shield of the State seal. The hunter and miner stand over a motto urcaning "Mountaineers Are Always Free." WISCONSIN Entered the I nion in ISIS as t1w 311111 State: flag adopted in 191:3, niodO cd 1n IW,1. Aarious mbok of aencullnl�. minim. '111ppine. and industrs arc 1lnnul n1 thr cost of arm. of A\ icon <in I It, h.ul ,, r oser the Omld i. •1 rvdcn•n( the tit it, mckumm. OISTRII'T OF COLA \1111 \ l."tablished in 1791: fi.n: adopted in 19;" 'I'll(, personal ;ern, of Ccorgo \ \:uhim,hm form the District IL1g. It ha, no hi tlnic.11 relationship to the Stars and Stripe,, dt,,pite• tho ximilarih of dcsiCn. (38) 1:391 r� .i F� E`a 1'.nt� i-I tllc t ti -n m I YO as the -lath �t,1t, t1.1c d n1 I'll The State seal ,pp, .1;, -m 1 .i',I ,,it, 1 bi.on, familiar h, I`lth 1, rows it I, r, 11w red is for \.1tt, \tn 1u I,' Inr purity, and \ \Il IM, \\ 11 %\I().% t tim( ,rl-i,11-1 \-, roan territon since I'm(), 11,1,E d.,pt, I 1n Pil,,t Red, white, and Not- oc (In• —1,— -,f S.mioa and the I iltt (1 st.1t,•. 171 \1ii Bean bald eagle hAd, tr.l liti,.u.il Cain ;i robots, a staff 111 \\.n k11111 c( \yI Established as a t,,i of the t nrt,..I States in 1895: ll,w d, pt, ut 141;. m,ali- fied in 1944 I h. U.nliti.,n..l Ch.un,ur., canoe, a palm h,, .u„i thr ni,aith �,t th,. Agana Riser app, o in th, ,..J i h, ,Bain• of the seal recall, the ,ur, n nt Guam.uuan sling stone. NORTHERN \1AR1.\NAS Connnomsealth ,tale, e,tahlkhed in 1956: Illy adopted in 19 -d_. Blue i, for the Pacific (h,.nt. the ,tar fir the Cornntolm'-alth. The err, L,lt'. ,fool is h,r Tara. a Iecondal Chanu,rro hero. Cou n olmealth L, d iii Pl-,2 iL- ad1d pted in 195'_' H., d �.ii iL,� Luh.ai tLu• an, ultim;rtch, tl.r Rag of Puerto fill., „a. when lilt- island ,,.., ,., (.nu uuh i�� nl, u„ from Spain. C \Ili(dN IS1. \ 1\1>s I: t..W ,h. d es a 1, mt,,rs ..I th, ( nit-1 �t..l,. ....I ,I in o II, I �. tla� hi 1421 The .n` f e I lilted Sl.,h— ha, 1-cli ,nuldill d .urd ,hived for use in the lerrit- n,.l ILc-, 11wr with th,- minals „I Ill,. Is- L.n.l, \Lai, heh,se Ih, an„,,, stud I.,r St I ho 11-, SI h,hn..uid tit Cr.ns Ir'st 1>c Di \\ lutn, ~oath. I L ,' li, ...u, h (" nl,, \\ incIwAcr. \la,, :u huu its rrryrhwurk cull, ri ht I s)�ti I,t the 1 1a:; R, ...rr, 1, ( :enl,v. \\ inehesler. \la „achnsetts. FLAG DAY Each year on June 14, we celebrate the birthday of the Stars and Stripes, which came into being on June 14, 1777. At that time, the Second Continental Congress authorized a now flag to symbolize the new Nation, the United States of America.' The Stars and Stripes first flew in it Flag Day celebration in Hart- ford, Connecticut in 1861, during the first summer of the Civil War. The first national observance of Flag Day occurred June 14, 1877, the centennial of the original flag resolution. By the mid 1890's the observance of Flag Day on June 14 was a popular event. Mayors and governors began to issue proclamations in their jurisdictions to celebrate this event. In the years to follow, public sentiment for it national Flag Day observance greatly intensified. Numerous patriotic societies and veterans groups became identified with the Flag Day movement. Since their main objective was to stimulate patriotism among the young, schools were the first to become involved in flag activities. In 1916 President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation calling for it nationwide observance of Flag Day on June 14. It was not until 1949 that Congress made this day a permanent observance by resolving "That the 14th day of June of each year is hereby desig- nated as Flag Day ...” The measure was signed into law by Presi- dent Harry Truman. Although ]Flag Day is not celebrated as a Federal holiday, Ameri- cans everywhere. continue to honor the history and heritage it rep - resents. (31) FLAG POSTAGE STAMPS The issuance of the latest U.S. [lag stamp helps maintain a 26- year tradition of the continuous appearance of the U.S. flag as a major design element on one or more stamps. With the advent of multicolor capability, the appearalice of" the U.S. flag on a stamp was immediate and there have been at least 18 stamps released since that time featuring "Old Glory." ♦ *RktfRR ** rir �=) 19R, U S POSTAL SFRVICC ALL R11,11TS R[SFPR FD A 1988 22 -cent stamp featuring the flag flying over the U.S. Capitol. � u --25 ) UNITED STATES POSTAL SFF?Vi(..F 11we Another 1988 issue was the 25 -cent stamp featuring the flag flying above the Half -Dome in California's Yosemite National Park. F 1959 In 1989 a S2.40 priority mail stamp, was introduced featuring the hrst moon nulinq where the Apollo 11 astronauts planted the U.S- flag in the lunar surface on JUIy of 1469, r��iJ�„S ti ' �� � ��• 1. l•r ;. =yam! ' � .. �; •� F 1959 In 1989 a S2.40 priority mail stamp, was introduced featuring the hrst moon nulinq where the Apollo 11 astronauts planted the U.S- flag in the lunar surface on JUIy of 1469, (42) f:3) THE G111::1T SE'Al, 01, THE UNITED STATES On July 4, 1 Ti 7ti, tilt, Continental Congress passed a resolution au- thorizing a committee to devise a seal for the United States of America. This nnission, designed to reflect the Founding Fathers' beliefs, valut,s, ;uul so\ creigntN of the new Nation, did not become a reality until June 20, 1752. In heraldic dcviucs. such a, seals, each element has a specific meaning. Fv cli colors have specific meanings. The colors red, white, and hluc did not havc meanings for the Stars and Stripes when it wa, adopted in 1777. 1lowt,srr, the colors in the Great Scal (lid have specific incanings. Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, reporting to Congress on the Seal, stated: "The colors of the pales (the vertical stripes) are those used in the flag of the l'nited States of America; White sig- nifies puntv ;ind innocence, fled, hardiness & valour, and Blue, t1w color of' the Chicf' (the: broad band above the stripesi signifies � is,ilance, posev crance & justice." The obv ci w boot of' the Great Scal —which is used 2,000 to 3,000 times it Nval— alithcnticates the Presidents signature on numerous official dociuucnts such as treaty ratifications, international agree- ments, appointiucnt.s o} Aiiibassadors and civil officers, and commu- nications h ou, the President to heads of foreign governments. The design of' the obi crse of' tilt, Seat. which is the U.S. coat of arms, can be shown on coins. postage .stamps, passports, monuments and flags, and in mangy other 'I'll(, American public sees both the ob- verse and IC11 familiar rc\ cr;e, which is never used as a seal, every day vv here ru h;uiging the s i dollar bill. The Grc;it die, counter dit,, press, and cabinet in which they are housed. .0 c located in the I"Shibit Hall of the Department of State inside a locked gl;i,s cnclosurc. An officer from the Depart- ments Presid'•ntial Appointnkcnts Staff does the actual sealing of" docUlnents ;Ater lh( - of State has countersigned the Presi- dent's signatui e. �t C 9 MWAME VA (Obverse) The American bald eagle is prominently featured supporting a shield composed of 13 red and white stripes (pales) representing the Thirteen Original States with a blue bar (chief) uniting the shield and representing Congress. The motto of the United States, E Plurihus Uuuin (meaning out of ninny, one), refers to this union. The olive branch and 13 arrows grasped by the eagle allude to peace and war, powers solely vested in the Congress, and the con- stellation of stars symbolizes the new Nation taking its place among the sovereign powers. (Reverse) The pyrainid signifies strength and duration: The eye over it and the motto, Ammit Coeptis (meaning Ile, [God,] has favored our un- dertakings), allude to the many interventions of Providence in favor of the American cause. The Roman numerals below are the date of the Declaration of Independence. The words under it, Nouus Ordo Sec•loruui (meaning a nexv order of the ages), signify the beginning of the new American era in 1776. (45) FORT WITENRY Fort McHenry is located in Baltimore, Nfarylancl. This logy citadel overlooks the entrance to I3altimore harbor and it is %% here the Americans defended the city against British land and naval attack on September 13 -14 in 1814. It was during this battle that h'rancis Scott Key began the draft to "The Star - Spangled 13,mn(,r" aft (,r seeing the flag still fl} ing after a day and night of, boltlb,u_dltl('nt. The fort continued in active milihu-y service for nearly a c(,rntury after the battle but changing technology eventually made it obso- lete as a coastal defense system. Today the 43 -acre fort is preserved as a national monument and historic shrine. The property is man- aged by the National Park Service and the flag is flown over the fort 24 hours a clay. MAINTENANCE CIVIL WAR POWDER MAGAZINE N PI FORT MCHENRY NATIONAL MONUMENT AND HISTORICAL SHRINE (46) DOCK VISITOR CENTER STAR FORT TIIE FLAG IIOuSh, The Flag house is located on the north«est c()rner of Albemarle and Pratt Streets in Baltimore, Nfar� land. It %Ias the home of Mary Pickersgill from 1807 to 1857, an(1 it II'as MlCre she made the origi- nal "Star- Spangled Banner,' , "yhich urc asured :30 b% 42 feet. The stripes were two feet wide and the "tars were h o feet from point to point. Mrs. Pickersgill was paid .5405.91) for her sc m ices. The flag was delivered to Fort Mcl Icnry on Aus;ust 19, I S l3, a full year before the Battle of Baltimore. In 1876, Caroline Pickersgill Purdy «rate a lathe r to Georgiana Armistead Appleton. daughter of the leer t Commandant, in xyhich she' recounted the detail, of the makirr�(" "I the flag. Caro- line wrote: "It was made by my moth( l Nbs. Nfary 1'ickc r��ill, and I assisted her. My grandmother, Bebecca Youni�. made the first flag of the BeyolLrtion tinder General Washirl <(ton's di- rections, and for this reason my ntothe•r \c;Is selected by Commodore Barney and Ccnc ral Strick,r to nr,tke this star - spangled banner, being an ezc•(,(,cling�y patriotic woman. This flag, I think, contain(,(( four hunc,TII yards is bunting, and my mother worked nutny tnit*hts until twelve o'clock to complete it in a giy(,n tune. ' The flag bears the autograph of I.t. Col. George Armistead as well as the date of the British hornbardruc tit. "I'he flag retrained in the Armistead family for many years until it \vas loaned to the Smithsonian for an official (lisplat in 1907. On Deccrnber 19, 1912, it Was donated to the Smithsoni,ur xyh(,re it is flow on permanent exhibit. In 1914, ►such- needed preseryative work \vas done on the flag by Ctrs. Amelia Fowler and scy(,ral other restoration experts. Although the flag \vas rc'duc(,cl in sii(' ill orcl(,r to repair it, the rein- forcement technique used has presery(,d its existence. The Flag House is a National Historic Landmark, and is operated by an independent non - profit association. 'I,he 11a <, is flown over the house 24 hours a day. (47) PLh:1)GE OF AI,I.l'EGIANCE' TO TIIE FLAG '1IIE FLAG OF TIIE UNI-11:1) STATES OF :1 \II:1tIC:� AND 1O THE REPUBLIC FOR WHICH IT STANDS, ONE A.171ON UNDER (;OI), INDIVISIBLE, Nt1TII LIB- ERTY AND JUSI WI: I'OR The Plcdgc of :111e� i;u)ee rec•eive(1 ofhicial recognition by Con- gress in an Act af)I)ro�ecl on June 22, 1942. IIciwever, the pledge was first published in 1,592 in the 1'ollth's Companion magazine in Boston, to celebrate the -IUOth anniversary of the dis- covery of America, :11)(1 \c;ts first used in public schools to celebrate Columbus Dav on October 12, 1592. In its original c crsion. the pledge read "111V flag" instead of' "the flag of the United States.' 'I"he change in the wording was adopted by the National Flag Conference in 1923. The rationale for the change was that it prc� tinted an)biguity among foreign -born chil- dren and adults echo nlir;ht h,"\(' the flag of' their native land in mind v%,hen rccitm, the pledge. The phrase ..under (:ocf" vcas added to the pledge by it Congres- sional act ed on June 1 1, 19:5.1. At that tine, President FASen- hower said: "in this \�a\ \(e :l-e rcaffirming the transcendence of re- ligions faith in .1n)erica s heritage• and future; in this \\a\ we shall const:ulll, strc•ngthcn those spiritual weapons which ford cr cc ill be our count],. 's most powerful resource in peace and TIIE AMERICAN'S CREED 1 BELIEVE IN THE UNITED STATES OF Ami,,RICA AS A GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, FOR TIIE PEOPLE; WHOSE JUST POWERS ARE DERIVED FROM THE CONSENT OF THE: GOVERNED; A DEMOCRACY IN A REPUB- LIC, A SOVEREIGN NATION OF MANY SOVEREIGN STATES; A PERFECT UNION, ONE AND INSEPARABLE; ESTABLISHED UPON THOSE PRINCIPLES OF FREEDOM, EQUALITY, JUSTICE, AND HUMANITY E'OR wI1ICII AMERICAN PATRIOTS SACRI- FICED 'THEIR LIVES AND FORTUNES. I THEREFORE BELIEVE IT IS MY DUTY TO MY COUNTRY TO LOVE IT; TO SUPPORT ITS CONSTTTUTION; TO OBEY TTS LAWS; TO RESPECT ITS FLAG; AND TO DEFEND TT AGAINST ALL ENEMIES. The Creed was written in 1918 by William Tyler Page of Friend- ship Heights, Maryland in the course of a nationwide contest on the subject. Page was a descendent of President Tyler, and Representa- tive John Page, who served in the Congress from 1789 -97. William Tyler Page began his government career as a Congres- sional page in December of 1881. In 1919, he was elected Clerk of the IIouse of Representatives, and held that position until Decem- ber of 1931. A nee%, post, 1:11-teritus Minority Clerk, was then cre- ated for him which he occupied until his death on October 20, 1942. Iti I 49I SCHOOL PROJECTS MamlitlL;, John It Thr Story „l Old Gh,r,l Ph , „i\. \Z (, iiti„ 1 ,liicatinn Insti- tutc, 1971. \1a,tai. liole,,:nc. The, S7clrn' and Strit,rc: The .l,urri, an I /rr�, o, .I tI runt as Ili vie The Studv of the history and syinbolism o}. flags is kilown aS VEX_ /rnm the Birth „f the Rrpuhlir to Me, Pr, I, W llcs% l ,11 hm,ltl. 197,:3. IL LOLOGY from the Latin word, VEXILLU, Wh1Ch nicans a square Mascr, Jane tHothschildi. Br'tslt R„IN,nrrl the lhr" A( ss 5„lk R.u1111n I[Milt' (Land- flag or banner. ncuk Rooks: 26 195' \filler, Natalie. The S7„nt „/ the .ti7or -lp,m het B,n„rer Chi( w,, ( hildrens Press, Numerous books have been written about the flag. Local and 1905, school libraries should have a catalog reference for these books. €' Morris. Hobert. 'flu' Truth :!bout the- Beni, /?,'Ns Sb rry R •a, 11 Il,n, n. \I 1Vynneha- also, military and Veterans organizations as well as the Daughters cen I'ublishint" Co.. 1952 °. Morris, Robert. The TreeIh .1 /,,,,,t t /le .1 uteri, art 1Io. It .r, h i Lt n \I \ \\ nnchavcn of the American Revolution and the American Legion provide Publi,hint" Co., 1976. useful information on the flag and flag code. Mountain. Lee illrrison. t -mete Sam rnrd the ill,,. (; A (),Ids, Publishers, You also can find the complete flag code, including laws and 1915. National Flat" Foundation. The .\'rtr Corrstellrrtn t the St„rlt „J Amcrira as Told proclamations in the depository library in your Congressional dis- Thrwwh Itc Flags, tlhuh Arr the Sgmh„l, „/ Ih ('itil. I, m,mm, and Rrlit;ious trict. Your local librarian can assist you in obtaining information Firrd „m Pittsburt"h. PA: The I'(11111(I;ItIUn, 1 from \-our nearest depository library. Parrish. Thomas. Thr Atrrrirrnn lhru. Ncvs York: Simon ;111(1 schu.t, r, 1973. -1'nN - Quilifc. Milo Milton. The' illst „r1 n/ th(' t 111t(ll Sinner /'hl,' 1 the Briollitioll to 1hr Prrsrnt. heluditt' a Guidr i" It, t w amt l)i,pl,rlr. Nt,ss l,,l k Harper, 1961. FURTHER READING Ricers, Anderunt Mall. Ilisl „nt „/ 1h, .t lit, ri,,rr, iloc N,ss list. A;tntaec Press, 1967. Silkctt, John T. Francis Sr„tt Kcry and Ilst o/ Ih, Star Banner. Wa,,hint"t(m: \intaue Anwrica Puhli. him-, (:o. 147ti The Library of Congress prepared this list for use by students interested in learn- Snlith. \Vhitncs. 7hr 1Lr R,„ F „J !hr i cited Shih 19 75. ink more about the flay; of the United States. These publications may be found in school and public libraries. 17rr Smr- Sian(," /rcl Brrluu'r. GG,rnot, .lulrriro,l M itt,,•r. ll,ut,,l 4 filr School, llolli . and G,nnnunitt /. Compilcd h.% ( -I'- A,lrru Ru., ll, , II. R(tscllian Fine :Arts SociO%, 1975. R,�hrcns, Junc.:1 :1'ru• Flrr� f)r a A'ru• Couttr'y: l/rr First A�tliurlrrl F/rr,e::1 Plny. Chi- honn, Marque• I loopet )'Mu it a (:ltmd (Ml l to \lilss.uik , , \\l ld, .11l Publishing (;(, 1y1a eat"o: Childrens Press, 197.5. • R, nn, tt, Mubcl R. "....5., Galhrnt/rl Strrultirtti ": "1 /a' .S'tor.1 of Olrl (: /ant; the Ili.ch' l'nitCl Stab's Alarinc Cut'ps- ll.,u t„ Rec)�erl ,r,,,l / >i�thm r rt„ 1 !,r:� 11'u.hinglon, D(': Gos crn11rc'nt 1'rintine !!!Five. 196'6, nl and Proper Use of Our Flag front 1776 to the Present. New fork: Drake, 1974 Waller. Leslie. Our Nesc pork: II"It, liinrhart ;till \\in't�nl. 1MWo. Bennett, Mabel R. Old Glory. the Story of Our Flag. Largo, FL: Snibbe Publications, WannamAcr, W \V..1 Story ,/ .1 ntrrn-u1r I7u_c Ir,,m the Brunner, „/ ('„ humhus to 1910. the, First Fla- of the, .Moon. Culumhm, SC State' Pi intro Co -. 11)7 1, 13lassinKantc, AV}'att. 1'lre .Story of the United States Flag. Champaign, IL: Garrard, Wcil.:Ann. Brt -s!I Rnsc. Girl „l� Old Philrrdelpilmi. Nc�sv York ALiddin Rooks, 1983. 1969. Werstein, Irving. 'The, Starr rnrd Stril,r, Ncsc It ark Gchl('n PI(. ", I9W), I3oc Scouts of America. Broad Stripes and Bright Stars. New York: American Merit- Williams, Earl P. It hat You Sh„uld i`'t,ac -ut the -I m, it,vnt I la,_ Lanham, '\11): age Press, 1970. .11 Ifi:torical Press, VN7. Cooper, Grace Rogers. Thirteen -star Flags: Keys to Identifiratiorr. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press (Smithsonian Studies in history and Technology, No. 21), 1973. Crouthers, David. Flags of American History. Maplewood, NJ: Hammond, 1978. D'Allessandro, Robert. Glory. New York: F.Icphant Publishing, 1973. Delaplaine, Edward S. John Philip Sousa aid the National Anthem. Frederick, MD: Great Southern Press, 1983. Devine, Louise Lawrence. The Story of Our Flag. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968. Fradin, Dennis 13. The Flcrg of the United .States. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1988. Furlong, William Rea. So Proudly Rte Ilail. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. Ili%toric American Flags. Worcester, MA: A.J. St. Onge, 1968. Kadds, Bedford O. Where and Why the American Flag Flies Twenty-four Hours a Day. New York: Vantage Press, 1977. C..Key, Francis Scott. The Star .Spangled Balmer. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1973. Library of Congress. American Revolution Bicentennial Office. Tuwlre Flags of the American Revolution. Washington: Library of Congress Exhibits Office, 197.1. Lichtenwanger, William. The Music of the Steer- Spangled Brenner from Ludgate Hill to Capitol hill. Washington: Library of Congress, 1977. (50) r11 i AC:KNOWLEllGEMENT The Joint Committee on Printing exten(Is thanks and apprecia- tion to the indix idnuls mi(I org.ntirations th;tt contribute(1 their knowledge to this hooklct. C C. f "Let the pr,iise, then, if any be due, be given, not to me, who only dill What I could not help doing, not to the writer, but to the inspirers of the song!" (52) — Francis Scwtt Key —Ill i "L S,T,7m_S!' :1\�CL'E'l� by 'Francis Scott .fie}, September 1814 (Suttq to the tune "'To Anacreon in !leaven ") "O say! can You see, by the clawn's ear(y fight, `What so proudfy the htaif'd at the w ifiglit's last gleaming' Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perifous fight, O'er the ramparts the thatched were so gaffantIv streaming' And the rockets' red glare, the bombs burstiriq in air, Cate proof thro' the night that our flag thou stiff tftert* O say! dues that Star- Spantgfed `Banter vct thane O'er the (and of the free and the home of the brahc, "On the shore, ditnfy seen thro' the mist of t!ie deep, lVhere the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, `What is that which the breeze, o'cr the towering steep, As it fitfuffy blows, half conceals, haff discloses!' `N(ow it catches the gleam o f the mombiq's first (leant, 9tt f idl gfoty reflected tong shines in the stream. "Tis the Star- Spangled 'Batttter. O Fong maY it wave O'er the fiend of the free amf the home of the brave. ';:4nd where is that band who so hauntingly sWolc, `-fiat the havoc o awar_W the battle's cottjusiott A home and a countiy:shouf leave t,• no more' `Their blood their foul footstep's poffution. No refuge couhl sale and slave From the tenor of f�ig�t# ` or-the gloom of the And the Star- Spatugfed 'Batt'nq,4n triu" A.. ifotFi wave M ;�'Cj the [and of the frees the hotttE O 6T M. i 74 r C � 4 A �, a 4 ,t • .r